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ยินดีต้อนรับเข้าสู่เว็บไซต์ SNC INTERCHEMICAL

วันอาทิตย์ที่ 24 สิงหาคม พ.ศ. 2551

คุณสมบัติในการเลือกใช้แก้วในงานห้องปฏิบัติการ

Glass tubes made from two types of glass are utilized for the production of laboratory volumetric glassware and other types of laboratory glassware that are in the production program of the Company.

Soda-lime glass
The glass has good chemical as well as physicalproperties and it is suitable for the products that resist momentarily the impact of chemical medium and limitedly also temperature differences. Both types of pipettes are produced from the soda-lime glass.

Borosilicate glass
This type of glass has very good chemical and physical properties. Therefore it is suitable for the production of volumetric glassware with long-term chemical resistance as for example burettes, as well as for the production of the laboratory glassware that could be exposed to the higher temperature as for example beakers.

Physical properties of used glasses

Thermally treated glass is annealed, it means tempered up to the upperannealing temperature. It is kept at this temperature for at least 30 minutesand then it is slowly cooled down to the lower annealing temperature. The annealing below this temperature could be even faster. The procedure ensures removal of tension inside the glass that is usually created during its thermal treatment.

Chemical properties of used glasses:

Water and acids resistance
The impact of acids and water on the surface of borosilicate glass is insignificant. Only a very small amount of monovalent ions is released into the surrounding medium at the beginning of the impact. Non-porous layer of silica gel is created gradually on the glass surface. The layer works as an inhibitor against the further influence of the surrounding medium. Hydrofluoric acid and hot phosphoric acid are the only exceptions from the above-described mechanism of impacts of water and acids on the glass surface. Both acids prevent the creation of silica gel layer on the glass surface. Typical time dependence of sodium oxide loss from the glass surface by the impact of water and mass loss of the glass by the impact of acids related to cm2 is shown in Figures No.1 and 2
.
Alkali resistance
Impact of alkalies on the glass surface is increasing with alkali concentration and with temperature of the medium. In case of borosilicate glass the erosion is limited on few micrometers of the surface layer but the surface etching can remove the scales from the volumetric laboratory glass in this type of medium. Illustration of time dependence of mass loss of the glass in alkali environment is shown in Figure No. 3


Laboratory and volumetric glass use


Volume measurement
Pipettes
Pipettes are used for a precise measurement of small volume of liquids. Pipettes are filled by sucking the liquid by mouth or by various types of pipettors on the level above the volume mark printed on the pipette. Liquid height in the pipette is adjusted by draining the part of the liquid up to the mark and then the liquid from the pipette is released into the vessel in which we are going to measure out the liquid. Longitudinal axis of the pipette must be in vertical position and the jet of the pipette may not touch the vessel wall and the vessel wall must be bent towards the longitudinal axis of the pipette. The pipettes are produced in two accuracy classes: A with waiting time 15 seconds and B without waiting time.
Pipettes are adjusted to deliver its indicated capacity; it means the volume measured by the pipette is the volume that runs out from the pipette. The rest of the liquid that remains on the pipette walls and in the jet is not included in the measured volume. The pipettes adjusted on the delivered capacity are marked on a label by the letters "Ex".
Note: If all liquid in the volumetric vessel is included into the measured volume, the products are marked on a label by the letters "In". These vessels calibrated to contain.
There are two basic types of pipettes: volumetric and graduated pipettes. The volumetric pipettes are used for the dosing of nominal volume given on the pipette label. The graduated pipettes can dose any volume within the nominal pipette volume.
Volumetric pipettes with nominal volume up to 100 ml are made from soda-lime glass. Volumetric pipettes with the volume up to 200 ml are produced from borosilicate glass. The pipettes are enlarged in the center part (pipettes with volume 1 and 2 ml are also produced without enlargement in the center part)? and they have one sign on the upper part of the tube above the enlargement; pertinently two-sign pipettes could have one more sign on the tube part below the enlargement. The height of liquid level is adjusted after the filling the tube in such a way that meniscus will touch upper edge of the sign, see Figure No. 4. During the adjustment the join of bottom edge of meniscus and eye must be in orthogonal axis to the longitudinal axis of the pipette, see Figure No.4. The liquid is then discharged from the pipette completely up to the jet of pipette, pertinently in case of two sign pipettes up to the second sign. In case of pipettes with B class of accuracy the dosing of measured volume can be stopped after the releasing of the liquid from the pipette. In case of pipettes with A class of accuracy it is necessary to wait 15 seconds till the rest of liquid from the walls of pipette is released.
Graduated pipettes with the volume up to 25 ml are made from soda-lime glass, graduated pipettes with the volume 50 and 100 ml are produced from borosilicate glass. The scale is printed by silkscreen printing on the tube and each tenth mark is numerated. The scale is divided in milliliters, pertinently in fractions of milliliters. Two types of graduated pipettes are produced: pipettes with full outflow and pipettes with partial outflow.
In case of the pipettes with full outflow the level height after the filling of the pipette is adjusted in such way that meniscus will touch upper edge of volume mark (see Figure No. 5), which corresponds to the volume that we are going to measure. Then the liquid is released from the pipette. In case of pipettes with B class of accuracy the dosing of measured volume can be stopped after the releasing of the liquid from the pipette. In case of pipettes with A class of accuracy it is necessary to wait 15 seconds till the rest of liquid from the walls of the pipette is released.
In case of the pipettes with partial outflow, the liquid level in the pipette is adjusted on the upper mark in such a way that meniscus will touch upper edge of the mark (see Figure No.5) and the liquid is released up to the mark whose value corresponds to the volume that we are going to measure. Pipettes with B class of accuracy enable to adjust immediately the liquid level in the pipette in such way that the meniscus will touch upper edge of the selected volume mark. We produce this type of pipettes only with B class of accuracy.
Burettes
Burettes are produced from borosilicate tubes. The tubes are calibrated and every tenth mark is numerated. The scale division is in milliliters, pertinently in fractions of milliliters. In order to improve the reading of volume values on the burette, the tubes can have Schellbach strip (narrow blue strip overprinted by wider white strip) that is located on the tube opposite to the printed scale. Difference in reading on the burettes with Schellbach strip is illustrated on the Figures No. 6 and 7. While in case of burettes without the Schellbach strip the value is read similarly as in case of pipettes (on the lower edge of meniscus, see Figure No. 6), the burettes with the Schellbach strip show the read value between the heads of arrows that are created on the Schellbach strip by the influence of light refraction on the boundary between air and liquid, see Figure No.7. The burettes are similarly as pipettes produced in two classes of accuracy: A with waiting time 30 s and B without waiting time.